There are a broad number of professional occupations across a range of industries that are eligible for a skilled visa to Australia. Visas for professionals include accountants, auditors, economists, architects, ICT professionals, school teachers and university lecturers, engineers, legal and medical professionals, recruitment/human resources and other business professionals and managers (such as management consultants and sales and marketing managers).
In this article, we explore the various skilled visa options that are available to applicants who are suitably qualified in a selection of professional occupations. We also refer you to our earlier article in this series, for further information on the various skilled visa options, including work visa options, which discusses in more detail their features and requirements.
To qualify for certain skilled visa options, you will be required to obtain a positive skills assessment from a prescribed skill assessing authority for your nominated skilled occupation. A Skills Assessment is an independent review of your skills, qualifications and employment experience to confirm whether you are suitably qualified to perform the nominated skilled occupation in Australia. Skill assessing bodies for professional occupations include:
- The Institution of Engineers Australia (Engineers Australia)
- Institute of Management and Leaders Australia New Zealand (IML ANZ)
- Vocational Education and Training Assessment Services (VETASSESS)
- Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL)
- Architects Accreditation Council of Australia (AACA)
- Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ)
- CPA Australia Ltd (CPAA)
- Institute of Public Accountants Ltd (IPA)
- Australian Computing Society
As part of our discussion, we identify the prescribed skill assessing body for each selected professional occupation as discussed below. Further below in this article, we also provide further information about the skill assessment requirements for Accountants and Auditors applying through the CAANZ, being one of the most popular professional occupations selected by visa applicants.
A Note About Skilled Occupations
Please be aware that as of 16 November 2019, the Subclass 489 Skilled Regional (Provisional) visa has been replaced by a new Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) visa. The Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa has also been replaced by a new Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (Provisional) visa. These new visas have a five-year term and provide a pathway to permanent residence with a new Subclass 191 Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional) visa, which will be introduced from 16 November 2022.
Applications under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa continue to be accepted. To qualify under this stream, you must hold a subclass 475, 487, 495 or 496 visa at time of lodgement of your application. Be aware that these visa subclasses are no longer being granted by the Department of Home Affairs.
The changes also do not affect the Subclass 887 Skilled (Regional) visa permanent residence visa pathway, which continues to be available to eligible subclass 489 visa holders.
These changes only affect the Direct Entry visa stream under the subclass 187 visa programme. Applications remain open to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
For further information about these changes, please see the following articles:
New Skilled Regional Visas to be introduced
Skilled Regional Sponsored Visa
Further Regulations released for the new regional sponsored visas to commence from 16 November 2019
Which Professional Occupations May Qualify For An Australia Skilled Visa?
Australia’s migration program uses the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) classification system to identify occupations which may be nominated for a skilled visa. ANZSCO is organised by setting out a general description, skill level, registration and/or licensing requirements and tasks and duties that apply to each occupation.
As noted above, there are numerous professional occupations which are eligible for nomination for a work visa option. Visas for professionals include the following occupational categories (classified as minor groups):
- Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators (minor group 111);
- Advertising, Public Relations and Sales Managers (minor group 131);
- Accountants, Auditors and Company Secretaries (minor group 221);
- Human Resource and Training Professionals (minor group 223);
- Information and Organisation Professionals (minor group 224);
- Sales, Marketing and Public Relations Professionals (minor group 225);
- Architects, Designers, Planners and Surveyors (minor group 232); and
- Legal professionals (minor group 271).
Each minor group comprises unit groups of occupations, which are then further classified into a list of specific occupations. Each occupation is identified with an ANZSCO code. Occupations that are eligible to be nominated for a skilled visa are included on a Skilled Occupation List (SOL), and a prescribed SOL applies to each skilled visa subclass.
We will take a more detailed look at the minor groups listed above, and drill further into the unit groups that make up each minor group. We then conclude by outlining the specific occupations which may be nominated for a skilled visa to Australia.
ANZSCO Minor Group 111 – Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators
We start our analysis with ANZSCO minor group 111 for Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators.
ANZSCO General Description: Chief executives, general managers and legislators plan, organise, direct, control and review the overall operations of organisations and their major programs, and represent constituencies in parliaments and local government authorities.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- determining and setting the overall direction and objectives of organisations
- determining and formulating policies, rules and regulations to govern the overall operations of organisations
- directing and controlling the overall operations of organisations to ensure objectives are met
- monitoring and evaluating the overall performance of organisations and adjusting policies, rules and regulations to ensure objectives are met
- representing the organisation at official occasions, in negotiations, at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums, and liaising between areas of responsibility
- determining, planning and formulating government policies, laws, rules and regulations
- investigating matters of concern to the public and electorate, and proposing government action
The 111 minor group is made up of a series of unit groups. We will focus on two of these, namely:
- Chief Executives and Managing Directors (unit group 1111); and
- General Managers (unit group 1112).
Outlined below are the specific occupations included in these unit groups, which may be nominated for an Australian skilled visa.
Unit Group 1111 – Chief Executives And Managing Directors
This unit group consists of the single occupation of Chief Executive or Managing Director, with the following elements.
ANZSCO General Description: Chief executives and managing directors determine, formulate and review the general policy programs and the overall direction of organisations within the framework established by boards of directors and similar governing bodies.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- determining objectives, strategies, policies and programs for organisations
- providing overall direction and management to organisations
- authorising material, human and financial resources to implement organisational policies and programs
- monitoring and evaluating performance of organisations against organisational objectives and strategies
- consulting with senior subordinate staff and reviewing recommendations and reports
- preparing, or arranging for the preparation of, reports, budgets and forecasts and presenting them to governing bodies
- representing the organisation at official occasions, in negotiations, at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums, and liaising between areas of responsibility
- selecting, or approving the selection of senior staff
- ensuring the organisation complies with company laws and other relevant legislation
Skill assessing authority: IML ANZ
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa*
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)*
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
*Subject to caveat: Excludes positions with nominated annual earnings of less than AUD180,001; and if the nominee is to be transferred to fill the position—the transfer is not an intra-corporate transfer to which an international trade obligation applies.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
A description of this occupation is set out below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Chief Executive or Managing Director Alternative Title: Chief Executive Officer |
111111 |
Determines, formulates and reviews the general policy program and the overall direction of an organisation within the framework established by a board of directors or similar governing body. |
Unit Group 1112 – General Managers
The General Managers unit group includes the occupation of Corporate General Manager, with the following elements.
ANZSCO General Description: General managers plan, organise, direct, control and review the day-to-day operations and major functions of commercial, industrial, government and defence organisations through departmental managers and subordinate executives.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- planning policy, and setting standards and objectives for organisations
- providing day-to-day direction and management of organisations, and directing and endorsing policy to fulfil objectives, achieve specific goals, and maximise profit and efficiency
- assessing changing situations and responding accordingly by issuing commands and directives to subordinate staff
- consulting with immediate subordinates and departmental heads on matters such as methods of operation, equipment requirements, finance, sales and human resources
- authorising the funding of major policy implementation programs
- representing the organisation at official occasions, in negotiations, at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums, and liaising between areas of responsibility
- preparing, or arranging for the preparation of, reports, budgets and forecasts, and presenting them to governing bodies
- selecting and managing the performance of senior staff
- may undertake responsibility for some or all of accounting, sales, marketing, human resources and other specialist operations
Skill assessing authority: IML ANZ
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa*
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)*
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
*Subject to caveat: Excludes positions with nominated annual earnings of less than AUD180,001; and if the nominee is to be transferred to fill the position—the transfer is not an intra-corporate transfer to which an international trade obligation applies.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
A description of this occupation is set out below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Corporate General Manager Alternative Title: Chief Operating Officer |
111211 |
Plans, organises, directs, controls and reviews the day-to-day operations and major functions of a commercial, industrial, governmental or other organisation through departmental managers and subordinate executives. |
ANZSCO Minor Group 131 – Advertising, Public Relations and Sales Managers
The ANZSCO minor group 131 for Advertising, Public Relations and Sales Managers is characterised by the following elements.
ANZSCO General Description: Advertising, public relations and sales managers plan, organise, direct, control and coordinate advertising, public relations, sales and marketing activities within organisations.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- directing the development and implementation of sales strategies and setting sales targets in order to maximise an organisation’s sales and customer loyalty
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to promote an organisation’s goods and services to as many people as possible
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to generate increased consumption of an organisation’s goods and services through the creation and reinforcement of ‘brand image’ or ‘brand loyalty’
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to build and maintain an organisation’s image and reputation with its customers, investors and the wider public
The 131 minor group consists of a single unit group, as set out below.
Unit Group 1311 – Advertising, Public Relations And Sales Managers
There are several occupations included in the Advertising, public relations and sales managers ANZSCO unit group, which share the following elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Advertising, public relations and sales managers plan, organise, direct, control and coordinate advertising, public relations, sales and marketing activities within organisations.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- directing the development and implementation of sales strategies and setting sales targets in order to maximise an organisation’s sales and customer loyalty
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to promote an organisation’s goods and services to as many people as possible
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to generate increased consumption of an organisation’s goods and services through the creation and reinforcement of ‘brand image’ or ‘brand loyalty’
- directing the development and implementation of strategies to build and maintain an organisation’s image and reputation with its customers, investors and the wider public
Skill assessing authority: IML ANZ
A description of each occupation in the Advertising, public relations and sales managers ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Skilled Occupation List |
Skilled Visa options |
Sales and Marketing Manager |
131112 |
Plans, organises, directs, controls and coordinates the sales and marketing activities within an organisation. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream)*** Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Advertising Manager |
131113 |
Plans, organises, directs, controls and coordinates the advertising activities within an organisation. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Public Relations Manager Alternative titles: Communications Manager, Corporate Affairs Manager, Corporate Relations Manager, PR Manager, Public Affairs Manager |
131114 |
Plans, organises, directs, controls and coordinates the public relations activities within an organisation. |
Regional Occupation List (ROL) |
Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)^ Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Subject to caveat 1: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business which has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1 million and if the person is to be transferred to fill the position—the transfer is not an intra-corporate transfer to which an international trade obligation applies.
*** Subject to caveat 2: Salary: Excludes positions which have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $65,000, and if the nominee is to be transferred to fill the position—the transfer is not an intra-corporate transfer to which an international trade obligation applies.
*** Subject to caveat 3: Low skilled tasks: Excludes any positions that are based in a front-line retail setting predominantly involve direct client transactional interaction on a regular basis.
^ Subject to caveat 1: Regional only: Excludes positions that are not located in regional Australia within the meaning of subregulation 5.19(16) of the Regulations.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Salary: Excludes positions that have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD90,000.
ANZSCO Minor Group 221 – Accountants, Auditors and Company Secretaries
Next, we look at ANZSCO minor group 221 for Chief Accountants, Auditors and Company Secretaries.
ANZSCO General Description: Accountants, auditors and company secretaries plan and provide accounting, financial auditing and treasury valuation services and systems to individuals and organisations, and plan and review legislative compliance activities.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- collecting, analysing and interpreting information on the financial status, cost structures and trading effectiveness of organisations
- devising, re-organising and establishing budgetary cost control and other accounting systems such as computer-based systems
- conducting audits and investigations and preparing financial statements and reports for management, shareholders, and statutory and other bodies
- controlling treasury and treasury systems and establishing and reviewing risk management objectives and treasury policies
- arranging and giving notice of meetings of directors and shareholders
- advising organisations’ governing boards on matters concerning compliance with stock exchange listing rules, relevant legislation and corporation practice
The 221 minor group contains the following unit groups:
- 2211 Accountants
- 2212 Auditors, Company Secretaries and Corporate Treasurers.
Set out below are the specific Accountants, Auditors and Company Secretaries occupations which may be nominated for an Australian skilled visa.
Unit Group 2211 – Accountants
The Accountants unit group includes three occupations with the following common elements.
ANZSCO General Description: Accountants provide services relating to financial reporting, taxation, auditing, insolvency, accounting information systems, budgeting, cost management, planning and decision-making by organisations and individuals; and provide advice on associated compliance and performance requirements to ensure statutory and strategic governance.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Registration or licensing may be required.
Tasks include:
- assisting in formulating budgetary and accounting policies
- preparing financial statements for presentation to boards of directors, management, shareholders, and governing and statutory bodies
- conducting financial investigations, preparing reports, undertaking audits and advising on matters such as the purchase and sale of businesses, mergers, capital financing, suspected fraud, insolvency and taxation
- examining operating costs and organisations’ income and expenditure
- providing assurance about the accuracy of information contained in financial reports and their compliance with statutory requirements
- providing financial and taxation advice on business structures, plans and operations
- preparing taxation returns for individuals and organisations
- liaising with financial institutions and brokers to establish funds management arrangements
- introducing and maintaining accounting systems, and advising on the selection and application of computer-based accounting systems
- maintaining internal control systems
- may appraise cash flow and financial risk of capital investment projects
Skill assessing authority: CAANZ, CPAA, IPA
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (Family Sponsored)*
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa^
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)^
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
- Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)***
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
^ Subject to caveat 1: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has fewer than five employees.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1M.
^ Subject to caveat 3: Low skilled tasks: Excludes clerical, bookkeeper or accounting clerk positions
A description of the occupations in this ANZSCO unit group is listed below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Accountant (General) |
221111 |
Provides services relating to compliance-based financial reporting, auditing, insolvency and accounting information systems; and advises on associated record-keeping requirements. Registration or licensing may be required for certain services such as auditing. |
Management Accountant Alternative title: Cost Accountant |
221112 |
Provides services relating to performance-based financial reporting, asset valuation, budgetary systems, cost management, pricing, forecasting and the strategic governance of organisations. Provides advice on financial planning, risk management, carbon sequestration projects and carbon pricing and provides management with reports to assist in decision-making. May provide insight into cost performance and support the implementation of benchmarking and quality improvement initiatives. Registration or licensing may be required. |
Taxation Accountant Alternative titles: Taxation Agent Taxation Consultant |
221113 |
Analyses, reports and provides advice on taxation issues to organisations or individuals, prepares taxation returns and reports, and handles disputes with taxation authorities. Registration or licensing may be required. |
ANZSCO Minor Group 223 – Human Resource and Training Professionals
We now turn to the ANZSCO minor group 223 for Human Resource and Training Professionals.
ANZSCO General Description: Human resource and training professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate staff recruitment, retention, training and development programs, assist in resolving disputes by advising on workplace relations policies and problems, and represent industrial, commercial, union, employer and other parties in negotiations.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- arranging for advertising of job vacancies, interviewing and testing of applicants, and selection of staff
- providing advice and information to management on human resource policies and procedures, staff performance and misconduct matters
- undertaking negotiations on terms and conditions of employment, and examining and resolving disputes and grievances
- studying and interpreting legislation, awards and agreements, wage payment systems, and dispute settlement procedures
- developing, planning and formulating workplace relations policies and programs, and procedures for their implementation
- identifying and determining the need for training, through identifying competencies and defining training requirements in the work environment
- designing, developing and assessing staff training and development
The ANZSCO minor group 223 comprises the following unit groups:
- 2231 Human Resource Professionals
- 2232 ICT Trainers
- 2233 Training and Development Professionals
Next, we look at the specific professional occupations that may be nominated in each of the above unit groups.
Unit Group 2231 – Human Resource Professionals
There are three occupations included in the Human resource professionals ANZSCO unit group, which share the following elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Human resource professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate staff recruitment, assist in resolving disputes by advising on workplace matters, and represent industrial, commercial, union, employer and other parties in negotiations on issues such as enterprise bargaining, rates of pay and conditions of employment.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- arranging for advertising of job vacancies, interviewing and testing of applicants, and selection of staff
- maintaining personnel records and associated human resource information systems
- providing advice and information to management on workplace relations policies and procedures, staff performance and disciplinary matters
- arranging the induction of staff and providing information on conditions of service, salaries and promotional opportunities
- receiving and recording job vacancy information from employers such as details about job description, wages and conditions of employment
- providing information on current job vacancies in the organisation to employers and job seekers
- undertaking negotiations on terms and conditions of employment, and examining and resolving disputes and grievances
- studying and interpreting legislation, awards, collective agreements and employment contracts, wage payment systems and dispute settlement procedures
- developing, planning and formulating enterprise agreements or collective contracts such as productivity-based wage adjustment procedures, workplace relations policies and programs, and procedures for their implementation
- overseeing the formation and conduct of workplace consultative committees and employee participation initiatives
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
A description of each occupation in the Human resource professionals ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Skilled Occupation List |
Skilled Visa options |
Human Resource Adviser Alternative title: Human Resource Consultant |
223111 |
Provides staffing and personnel administration services in support of an organisation’s human resource policies and programs. |
Regional Occupation List (ROL) |
Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)*** Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Recruitment Consultant Alternative Title: Employment Consultant |
223112 |
Interviews applicants to determine their job requirements and suitability for particular jobs, and assists employers to find suitable staff. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream)^ Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
223113 Workplace Relations Adviser |
223113 |
Assists in resolving disputes by advising on workplace relations policies and problems, and representing industrial, commercial, union, employer or other parties in negotiations on rates of pay and conditions of employment. |
Regional Occupation List (ROL) |
Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)# Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Subject to caveat 1: Salary: Excludes positions which have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $65,000.
*** Subject to caveat 2: Regional only: Excludes positions that are not located in regional Australia within the meaning of subregulation 5.19(16) of the Regulations.
*** Subject to caveat 3: Low skilled tasks: Excludes clerical, bookkeeper or accounting clerk positions.
^ Subject to caveat 1: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has fewer than five employees.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1M.
^ Subject to caveat 3: Salary: Excludes positions that have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $80,000.
# Subject to caveat 1: Regional only: Excludes positions that are not located in regional Australia within the meaning of subregulation 5.19(16) of the Regulations.
# Subject to caveat 2: Low skilled tasks: Excludes positions that predominantly involve responsibility for low-skilled tasks, for example:
- Rostering, maintaining records, reception duties and allocating duties to housekeepers, porters or doorpersons
- Fruit picking or packing or feeding of livestock or animals.
- Truck driving.
Unit Group 2232 – ICT Trainers
This unit group consists of the single occupation of ICT Trainer, with the following elements:
Alternative Title: ICT Educator
ANZSCO General Description: ICT trainers analyse and evaluate information-based system training needs and objectives, and develop, schedule and conduct ICT-based system training programs and courses.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience and/or relevant vendor certification may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- identifying technical training needs and requirements of individuals and organisations
- setting human resource development objectives and evaluating learning outcomes
- preparing and developing instructional training material and aids such as handbooks, visual aids, online tutorials, demonstration models, and supporting training reference documentation
- designing, coordinating, scheduling and conducting ICT training and development programs that can be delivered in the form of individual and group instruction, and facilitating workshops, meetings, demonstrations and conferences
- liaising with external training providers to arrange delivery of specific training and development programs
- promoting internal and external training and development, and evaluating these promotional activities
- monitoring and performing ongoing evaluation and assessment of training quality and effectiveness, and reviewing and modifying training objectives, methods and course deliverables
- gathering, investigating and researching background materials to gain a full understanding of the ICT subject matter and systems
- keeping up-to-date with new product version releases, advances in programming languages, application development software, and general information technology trends
- writing end user products and materials such as user training, tutorial and instruction manuals, online help, and operating and maintenance instructions
Skill assessing authority: ACS
Skilled Occupation List: Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
UNIT Group 2233 – Training And Development Professionals
This unit group consists of the single occupation of Training and Development Professional, with the following elements:
Alternative Title: Training Officer
ANZSCO General Description: Training and development professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate training and development programs to ensure management and staff acquire the skills and develop the competencies required by organisations to meet organisational objectives.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- identifying training needs and requirements of individuals and organisations
- setting human resource development objectives and evaluating learning outcomes
- preparing and developing instructional training material and aids such as handbooks, visual aids, online tutorials, demonstration models, and supporting training reference documentation
- designing, coordinating, scheduling and conducting training and development programs that can be delivered in the form of individual and group instruction, and facilitating workshops, meetings, demonstrations and conferences
- liaising with external training providers to arrange delivery of specific training and development programs
- promoting internal and external training and development, and evaluating these promotional activities
- monitoring and performing ongoing evaluation and assessment of training quality and effectiveness, and reviewing and modifying training objectives, methods and course deliverables
- gathering, investigating and researching background materials to gain an understanding of various subject matters and systems
- advising management on the development and placement of staff, and providing career counselling for employees
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
Skilled Occupation List: Regional Occupation List (ROL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) subclass 187 visa*
- Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) subclass 494 (Employer sponsored stream)
*Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
ANZSCO Minor Group 224 – Information and Organisation Professionals
Lets now look at ANZSCO minor group 224 for Information and Organisation Professionals.
ANZSCO General Description: Information and organisation professionals support organisations, government, individuals and the community by analysing, organising and managing information and data, and by providing advice on policy, business and organisational methods, and the value of property and other items.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- applying mathematical, statistical and actuarial principles and techniques to a range of tasks
- developing, organising and maintaining libraries and other information keeping services
- reviewing and analysing economic data and preparing reports
- managing the collection and processing of information and data to produce intelligence, and analysing and advising on policy options
- assessing the value of land, property and other items, and providing advice on the administration, and commercial and operational use of land and property
- studying organisational structures and methods to solve organisational problems and achieve greater efficiency
The ANZSCO minor group 224 consists of the following unit groups:
- 2241 Actuaries, Mathematicians and Statisticians
- 2242 Archivists, Curators and Records Managers
- 2243 Economists
- 2244 Intelligence and Policy Analysts
- 2245 Land Economists and Valuers
- 2246 Librarians
- 2247 Management and Organisation Analysts
- 2249 Other Information and Organisation Professionals
Next, we look at the specific professional occupations that may be nominated in a selection of the above unit groups.
Unit Group 2243 – Economists
This unit group consists of the single occupation of Economists, with the following elements:
Alternative Title: Economic Analyst
ANZSCO General Description: Economists perform economic research and analysis, develop and apply theories about production and distribution of goods and services and people’s spending and financial behaviour, and provide advice to governments and organisations on economic policy issues.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- analysing interrelationships between economic variables and studying the effects of government fiscal and monetary policies, expenditure, taxation and other budgetary policies on the economy and the community
- researching, analysing and assessing the effects of labour market programs and industry policies and programs on economic growth, welfare, education and training
- investigating international and national economic situations, and particular features such as industries, regions and socioeconomic groups
- studying workplace issues such as enterprise bargaining and wage fixation, and the effect of workplace policies on productivity and economic growth
- analysing trends and advising on economic issues such as taxation levels, prices, employment and unemployment, imports and exports, and interest and exchange rates
- forecasting changes in the economic environment for short-term budgeting, long-term planning and investment evaluation
- formulating recommendations, policies and plans for the economy, corporate strategies and investment, and undertaking feasibility studies for projects
- preparing reports on research findings
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (Family Sponsored)*
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
- Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)***
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
Unit Group 2247 – Management And Organisation Analysts
There are two occupations included in the Management and organisation analysts ANZSCO unit group, with the following common elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Management and organisation analysts assist organisations to achieve greater efficiency and solve organisational problems, and study organisational structures, methods, systems and procedures.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- assisting and encouraging the development of objectives, strategies and plans aimed at achieving customer satisfaction and the efficient use of organisations’ resources
- discussing business and organisational shortcomings with clients
- analysing and evaluating current systems and structures
- discussing current systems with staff and observing systems at all levels of organisation
- directing clients towards more efficient organisation and developing solutions to organisational problems
- undertaking and reviewing work studies by analysing existing and proposed methods and procedures such as administrative and clerical procedures
- recording and analysing organisations’ work flow charts, records, reports, manuals and job descriptions
- preparing and recommending proposals to revise methods and procedures, alter work flows, redefine job functions and resolve organisational problems
- assisting in implementing approved recommendations, issuing revised instructions and procedure manuals, and drafting other documentation
- reviewing operating procedures and advising of departures from procedures and standards
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
A description of each occupation in the Management and organisation analysts ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Skilled Occupation List |
Skilled Visa options |
Management Consultant Alternative Title: Business Consultant |
224711 |
Assists organisations to achieve greater efficiency and solve organisational problems. |
Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL) |
Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) (State or Territory Nominated) visa* Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) (Family Sponsored) visa* Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa^ Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)# Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) visa (Employer sponsored stream) Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)*** |
Organisation and Methods Analyst Alternative Title: Procedures Analyst |
224712 |
Studies organisational structures, methods, systems and procedures. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
^ Subject to caveat 1: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has fewer than five employees.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1M.
^ Subject to caveat 3: Salary: Excludes positions that have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $90,000.
# Subject to caveat 1: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has fewer than five employees.
# Subject to caveat 2: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1M.
# Subject to caveat 3: Salary: Excludes positions that have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $90,000.
ANZSCO Minor Group 225 – Sales, Marketing and Public Relations Professionals
Next is ANZSCO minor group 225 for Sales, Marketing and Public Relations Professionals.
ANZSCO General Description: Sales, marketing and public relations professionals plan, develop, coordinate and implement programs of information dissemination to promote organisations, goods and services, and represent companies in selling a range of technical, industrial, medical, pharmaceutical and ICT goods and services.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- commissioning and undertaking market research, analysing the findings, and planning advertising, marketing and public relations activities
- supporting business growth and development through the preparation and execution of marketing objectives, policies and programs
- planning and organising publicity campaigns
- appraising and selecting material submitted by writers, Photographers, Illustrators and others to create favourable publicity
- acquiring and updating knowledge of employers’ and competitors’ goods and services, and market conditions
- assessing customers’ needs and explaining and demonstrating goods and services to them
- visiting regular and prospective client businesses to establish and act on marketing opportunities
- quoting and negotiating prices and credit terms, and completing contracts
The ANZSCO minor group 225 comprises the following unit groups:
- 2251 Advertising and Marketing Professionals
- 2252 ICT Sales Professionals
- 2253 Public Relations Professionals
- 2254 Technical Sales Representatives
Now we’ll look at the specific professional occupations that may be nominated in a selection of the above unit groups.
Unit Group 2251 – Advertising And Marketing Professionals
There are three occupations included in the Advertising and marketing professionals ANZSCO unit group, with the following common elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Advertising and marketing professionals develop and coordinate advertising strategies and campaigns, determine the market for new goods and services, and identify and develop market opportunities for new and existing goods and services.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- planning, developing and organising advertising policies and campaigns to support sales objectives
- advising executives and clients on advertising strategies and campaigns to reach target markets, creating consumer awareness and effectively promoting the attributes of goods and services
- coordinating production of advertising campaigns involving specialised activities, such as artwork, copywriting, media scripting, television and film production and media placement, within time and budget constraints
- analysing data regarding consumer patterns and preferences
- interpreting and predicting current and future consumer trends
- researching potential demand and market characteristics for new goods and services and collecting and analysing data and other statistical information
- supporting business growth and development through the preparation and execution of marketing objectives, policies and programs
- commissioning and undertaking market research to identify market opportunities for new and existing goods and services
- advising on all elements of marketing such as product mix, pricing, advertising and sales promotion, selling, and distribution channels
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
A description of each occupation in the Advertising and marketing professionals ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Skilled Occupation List |
Skilled Visa options |
Advertising Specialist Alternative Titles: Advertising Account Executive, Advertising Account Manager, Creative Director (Advertising) |
225111 |
Devises and coordinates advertising campaigns which encourage consumers to purchase particular goods or services. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Market Research Analyst |
225112 |
Determines the market for new goods and services, develops advertising strategies, and evaluates the best business sites for commercial organisations. |
Regional Occupation List (ROL) |
Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)^ Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Marketing Specialist Alternative Titles: Marketing Consultant, Marketing Coordinator, Marketing Officer |
225113 |
Identifies market opportunities and advises on the development, coordination and implementation of plans for pricing and promoting an organisation’s goods and services. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream)# Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
^ Subject to caveat 1: Salary: Excludes positions which have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $65,000.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Regional only: Excludes positions that are not located in regional Australia within the meaning of subregulation 5.19(16) of the Regulations.
# Subject to caveat 1: Salary: Excludes positions which have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $65,000.
# Subject to caveat 2: Business size: Excludes positions that are in a business that has an annual turnover of less than AUD $1M.
# Subject to caveat 3: Low skilled tasks: Excludes any positions that are based in a front-line retail setting predominantly involve direct client transactional interaction on a regular basis.
Unit Group 2252 – ICT Sales Professionals
There are three occupations included in the ICT sales professionals ANZSCO unit group, with the following common elements:
ANZSCO General Description: ICT sales professionals manage client accounts and represent companies in selling a range of computer hardware, software and other ICT goods and services to industrial, business, professional and other organisations.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience and/or relevant vendor certification may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- compiling lists of prospective client businesses using trade directories and other sources
- acquiring and updating knowledge of employer’s and competitors’ goods and services, and market conditions
- visiting regular and prospective client businesses to establish and act on selling opportunities
- assessing customers’ needs and explaining the goods and services which meet their needs
- promoting employers’ ICT goods and services to existing and prospective clients
- quoting and negotiating prices and credit terms, and completing contracts and recording orders
- arranging delivery of goods, installation of equipment and the provision of services
- reporting to sales management on sales made and the marketability of ICT goods and services
- following up with clients to ensure satisfaction with ICT goods and services purchased, arranging modifications and resolving any problems arising
- preparing sales reports, and maintaining and submitting records of business expenses incurred
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
Skilled Occupation List: Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Trainingvisa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
A description of the occupations in the ICT sales professionals ANZSCO unit group are listed below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
ICT Account Manager |
225211 |
Manages sale of computer hardware, software and services to existing account clients and identifies further sales opportunities within these accounts, builds new account clients, manages customer satisfaction and retention, and coordinates the preparation and presentation of ICT sales proposals and tenders. |
ICT Business Development Manager |
225212 |
Identifies and generates new ICT business opportunities to further improve market share and awareness by gaining an understanding of customers’ ICT needs and promoting goods and services to these customers. May manage some key customer accounts. |
ICT Sales Representative |
225213 |
Develops and converts sales opportunities into sales of computer hardware, software and ICT services. |
ANZSCO Minor Group 232 – Architects, Designers, Planners and Surveyors
Next we’ll look into ANZSCO minor group 232 for Architects, Designers, Planners and Surveyors.
ANZSCO General Description: Architects, designers, planners and surveyors design building exteriors and interiors, and landscapes; conduct survey work to precisely position geographical features, and design, prepare and revise maps; design information for visual communication, publication and display, and products for manufacture; and develop and implement plans and policies for controlling the use of land.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. For some occupations at least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- obtaining advice from and providing information to clients and management about design, size, materials and costs associated with new buildings and alterations to existing buildings
- consulting with professionals and clients about external area designs, costs and construction
- designing and compiling map manuscripts using digital and graphical source material such as aerial photographs, satellite imagery, survey documents, existing maps and records, and reports and statistics
- planning and designing land subdivision projects and negotiating details with local governments and other authorities
- formulating design concepts for clothing, textiles, industrial, commercial and consumer products, jewellery and building interiors
- undertaking research and analysing functional, spatial, commercial, cultural, safety and aesthetic requirements
- preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and samples to communicate design concepts
- determining the objectives and constraints of design briefs by consulting with clients and stakeholders
- compiling and analysing data on economic, legal, political, cultural, demographic, sociological, physical and environmental factors affecting land use
The ANZSCO minor group 232 consists of the following unit groups:
- 2321 Architects and Landscape Architects
- 2322 Surveyors and Spatial Scientists
- 2323 Fashion, Industrial and Jewellery Designers
- 2324 Graphic and Web Designers, and Illustrators
- 2325 Interior Designers
- 2326 Urban and Regional Planners
Next, we look at the specific professional occupations that may be nominated in a selection of the above unit groups.
Unit Group 2321 – Architects And Landscape Architects
There are two occupations included in the Architects and landscape architects ANZSCO unit group, with the following common elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Architects and landscape architects design commercial, industrial, institutional, residential and recreational buildings and landscapes.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Registration or licensing may be required.
Tasks include:
- obtaining advice from clients and management to determine type, style and size of planned buildings and alterations to existing buildings
- providing information regarding designs, materials and estimated building times
- preparing project documentation, including sketches and scale drawings, and integrating structural, mechanical and aesthetic elements in final designs
- writing specifications and contract documents for use by builders and calling tenders on behalf of clients
- consulting with Professionals and clients about external area designs, costs and construction
- compiling and analysing site and community data about geographical and ecological features, landforms, soils, vegetation, site hydrology, visual characteristics and human-made structures, to formulate land use and development recommendations, and for preparing environmental impact statements
- preparing reports, site plans, working drawings, specifications and cost estimates for land development, showing location and details of proposals, including ground modelling, structures, vegetation and access
- inspecting construction work in progress to ensure compliance with plans, specifications and quality standards
Skill assessing authority: AACA is prescribed for the occupation of Architect (ANZSCO 232111).
For the occupation of Landscape Architect (ANZSCO 232112), the prescribed authority is VETASSESS.
A description of each occupation in the Architects and landscape architects ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (Family Sponsored)*
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
- Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)***
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
A description of the occupations in this ANZSCO unit group is listed below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Architect |
232111 |
Plans and designs buildings, provides concepts, plans, specifications and detailed drawings, negotiates with builders and advises on the procurement of buildings. Registration or licensing is required. |
Landscape Architect |
232112 |
Plans and designs land areas for projects such as open space networks, parks, schools, institutions, roads, external areas for all building types, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial and residential sites. |
Unit Group 2324 – Graphic And Web Designers, And Illustrators
There are four occupations included in the Graphic and web designers, and illustrators ANZSCO unit group, with the following common elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Graphic and web designers, and illustrators design information for visual and audio communication, publication and display using print, film, electronic, digital and other forms of visual and audio media.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders
- undertaking research and analysing functional communication requirements
- formulating design concepts for the subject to be communicated
- preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and layouts to communicate design concepts
- negotiating design solutions with clients, management, sales and production staff
- selecting, specifying or recommending functional and aesthetic materials and media for publication, delivery or display
- detailing and documenting the selected design for production
- supervising or carrying out production in the chosen media
- may archive information for future client use
Skill assessing authority: VETASSESS
A description of each occupation in the Graphic and web designers, and illustrators ANZSCO unit group is listed below. Note that the SOL and skilled visa options are not the same for these occupations.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Skilled Occupation List |
Skilled Visa options |
Graphic Designer Alternative Title: Graphic Artist |
232411 |
Plans, designs, develops and prepares information for publication and reproduction using text, symbols, pictures, colours and layout to achieve commercial and communication needs with particular emphasis on tailoring the message for the intended audience. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Illustrator |
232412 |
Plans, designs, develops, and prepares pictures and diagrams to communicate messages, clarify meaning, assist in presentations and illustrate stories, using traditional and digital media such as drawing, painting, drafting, collage, models, photography, and image capture and manipulation software. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Multimedia Designer Alternative Titles: Digital Media Designer, Interactive Media Designer |
232413 |
Plans, designs and develops the production of digitally delivered information, promotional content, instructional material and entertainment through online and recorded digital media using static and animated information, text, pictures, video and sound to produce information and entertainment tailored to an intended audience and purpose. |
Regional Occupation List (ROL) |
Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)^ Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
Web Designer |
232414 |
Plans, designs, develops and prepares information for Internet publication with particular emphasis on the user interface, ease of navigation and location of information using text, pictures, animation, sound, colours, layout and data sources to deliver information tailored to an intended audience and purpose. |
Short-term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) |
Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)* Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa** Subclass 407 Training visa Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Short Term Stream) Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream) |
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
^ Subject to caveat 1: Salary: Excludes positions which have nominated annual earnings of less than AUD $65,000.
^ Subject to caveat 2: Regional only: Excludes positions that are not located in regional Australia within the meaning of subregulation 5.19(16) of the Regulations.
ANZSCO Minor Group 271 – Legal Professionals
Our final ANZSCO minor group 271 is for Legal professionals.
ANZSCO General Description: Legal professionals provide legal advice, prepare and draft legal documents, conduct negotiations on behalf of clients, plead cases in courts and tribunals, hear legal and other matters in courts and tribunals, and interpret, analyse, administer and review the law.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Tasks include:
- receiving written information in the form of briefs and verbal instructions concerning legal cases
- researching statutes and previous court decisions relevant to cases
- providing advice and written opinions on points of law
- interviewing clients, and recommending and undertaking appropriate legal action
- preparing cases for court by conducting investigations, undertaking research, arranging witnesses, and giving notice of court actions
- representing clients in court, outlining the facts to the court, calling and questioning witnesses, and making addresses to the court to argue a client’s case
- presiding over judicial proceedings and pronouncing judgments in courts of law
- acting individually and as members of administrative and industrial tribunals to resolve disputes
The ANZSCO minor group 271 consists of the following unit groups:
- 2711 Barristers
- 2712 Judicial and Other Legal Professionals
- 2713 Solicitors
Next, we look at the specific professional occupations that may be nominated in a selection of the above unit groups.
Unit Group 2711 – Barristers
Barrister is the sole occupation in this unit group which may be nominated for a skilled visa to Australia.
ANZSCO General Description: Barristers plead cases before civil, criminal and industrial courts and other tribunals.
ANZSCO Skill level: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Registration or licensing is required.
Tasks include:
- receiving written information in the form of briefs and verbal instructions concerning cases from Solicitors, other specialist Legal Professionals and clients
- providing advice and written opinions on points of law
- conferring with clients and witnesses in preparation for court proceedings
- drawing up pleadings, affidavits and other court documents
- researching statutes and previous court decisions relevant to cases
- outlining the facts to the court, calling and questioning witnesses, and making addresses to the court to argue a client’s case
- providing opinion on complex legal issues
- may draw up or settle documents
Skill assessing authority: Legal admissions authority of a state or territory:
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (Family Sponsored)*
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
- Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)***
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
A description of the occupation in the Barristers ANZSCO unit group is listed below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Barrister |
271111 |
Pleads cases before civil, criminal and industrial courts and other tribunals. Registration or licensing is required. |
Unit Group 2713 – Solicitors
There is one occupation in the Solicitors ANZSCO unit group, with the following elements:
ANZSCO General Description: Solicitors provide legal advice, prepare and draft legal documents, and conduct negotiations on behalf of clients on matters associated with the law.
ANZSCO General Description: Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).
Registration or licensing is required.
Tasks include:
- interviewing clients to determine the nature of problems, and recommending and undertaking appropriate legal action
- preparing cases for court by conducting investigations, undertaking research, arranging witness preparation and attendance, and giving notice of court actions
- representing clients in court
- managing conveyancing and other property matters by preparing contracts of sale, mortgage documents, lease documents and other documents relating to the transfer of land and buildings
- preparing and critically reviewing contracts between parties
- preparing wills
- providing advice on family law, company law, partnerships, commercial law and trusts
- may act as trustee or guardian
- may act as executor of clients’ wills
Skill assessing authority: Legal admissions authority of a state or territory:
Skilled Occupation List: Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL)
Skilled Visa options:
- Subclass 189 Skilled (Independent) visa
- Subclass 190 Skilled (State Sponsored) visa
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (State or Territory Nominated)*
- Subclass 489 Skilled (Regional) visa (Family Sponsored)*
- Subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa
- Subclass 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa**
- Subclass 407 Training visa
- Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa (Medium Term Stream)
- Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (provisional) visa
- Subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (provisional) (Employer sponsored stream)
- Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa (Graduate Work Stream)***
*Only available to eligible applicants under the Second Provisional Visa stream of the Subclass 489 visa.
**Only available to eligible Subclass 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) and Subclass 457 Temporary Work (Skilled) visa holders under the Temporary Residence Transition Stream (TRTS).
*** Potential applicants may also qualify under the Post-Study Work Stream, which does not apply a Skilled Occupation List
A description of the occupation in the Solicitors ANZSCO unit group is listed below.
ANZSCO Occupation |
ANZSCO code |
ANZSCO Description |
Solicitor |
271311 |
Provides legal advice, prepares and drafts legal documents, and conducts negotiations on behalf of clients on matters associated with the law. Registration or licensing is required. |
Skill Assessments For Professional Occupations
As noted in the introduction, there are several prescribed skills assessing bodies for professional occupations, depending on the nominated occupation selected. For the remainder of our discussion, we provide further details about the skill assessment process and requirements for Accountants and auditors applying to the CAANZ, being one of the most popular occupational categories selected by prospective visa applicants. For further information about the other skill assessing bodies, please contact us.
CAANZ is one of the prescribed skill assessing bodies for the following occupations:
- Accountant (General) – ANZSCO 221111
- Management Accountant – ANZSCO 221112
- Finance Manager – ANZSCO 132211
- Taxation Accountant – ANZSCO 221113
- External Auditor – ANZSCO 221213
- Corporate Treasurer – ANZSCO 221212
Qualification Assessment Criteria
The following assessment criteria applies:
- You must hold an Australian Bachelor degree or 12 unit accredited Australian Master degree, or an overseas qualification comparable to at least the level of an Australian Bachelor degree;
- You must have successfully completed all mandatory competency areas that are relevant to your nominated occupation; and
- You must provide evidence to demonstrate that you meet the English language proficiency requirement.
Global Accounting Alliance (GAA) members
The CAANZ has reciprocal agreements with the following overseas accounting bodies:
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
- Chartered Accountants Ireland (CAI)
- Chartered Professional Accountants Canada (CPAC) – Reciprocity applies to CPA, CA, CMA and CGA members
- Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (HKICPA)
- Institute of Chartered Accountants Scotland (ICAS)
- Institute of Chartered Accountants England and Wales (ICAEW)
- South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA)
Current members of the above professional bodies who have good standing will generally satisfy the qualification requirements for migration purposes.
Other Recognised Overseas Accounting Bodies
Having full membership of the below overseas accounting bodies is generally considered to be comparable to the level of an Australian Bachelor degree. However, the CAANZ will still assess individual subjects to determine if the required competency areas have been met:
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICA India) – Recognition Policy for ICA India members
- The Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants – Recognition Policy for MICPA members
- Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA, UK)
- Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA, UK)
- Chartered Accountants Sri Lanka (CA Sri Lanka)
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN)
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP)
- The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe (ICAZ)
For prospective applicants who are not full members of the above bodies, tertiary qualifications are required, and these will be assessed to determine if they are comparable to at least the level of an Australian Bachelor Degree.
You can find more detailed information about the required competency areas and English language requirements on the CAANZ website.
You can request the CAANZ to complete a Skilled Employment Assessment if you are claiming skilled employment points in the Migration Points Test.
You will also find information on how to apply for a migration skills assessment, applicable fees and charges, processing times and supporting document requirements by clicking on the links on the CAANZ website.
Get More Information
Skilled Regional State Sponsorship Visa
For further information on the subclass 491 and 494 skilled visas, please see the following articles:
New Skilled Regional Visas to be introduced
Further Regulations released for the new regional sponsored visas to commence from 16 November 2019
Applications for the new provisional regional sponsored visas are now open
Regional Sponsor Migration Scheme
Skilled State Sponsorship Visa
For more information on the subclass 190 visa, please see our articles on the Subclass 190 State Sponsorship Visa and Adelaide 190 Visa.
Also refer to our Australian Permanent Resident Visa Case Study article to read about a real-life case study where PAX Migration Australia assisted a client to apply for a subclass 190 visa and who, after a long migration journey, was finally granted permanent residence in Australia.
You can read a further case study example in our State Sponsorship Visas In Australia article which explains how a client successfully applying for a state sponsorship visa with PAX Migration Australia’s assistance.
Skilled Visas
To learn more about applying for a skilled visa, including the subclass 494 Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (Provisional) visa, please see the following articles:
State Sponsorship Visas In Australia
Australian Skilled Migration Visa List
General Skilled Migration Visa Options
General Skilled Migration Visa Points
Employer Nomination Migration Scheme
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Australia’s migration laws are complex, and each case is different. We recommend that you seek professional advice if you are interested in applying for a visa to Australia, including visas for professionals, as being fully informed will give you the best chance of achieving a successful outcome on your case. A migration professional can help you to do this. Also be aware that several terms are defined in the migration provisions. It is vital to have a good understanding of these terms and how they apply in practice. Detailed advice about these is beyond the scope of this article and we would therefore recommend that you seek further information in this regard.
For up to date advice on applying for a visa, including visas for professionals and work visa options, contact PAX Migration Australia, a leading immigration service providing advice on a range of visas, including visa options for professional occupations. Contact us for a no obligation discussion on how we may be able to assist you in achieving your migration goals in Australia.
References/Links
The Institution of Engineers Australia (Engineers Australia)
https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/
Australian Institute of Management (AIM)
https://managersandleaders.com.au/
Vocational Education and Training Assessment Services (VETASSESS)
Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL)
Architects Accreditation Council of Australia (AACA)
Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ)
https://www.charteredaccountantsanz.com/
CPA Australia Ltd (CPAA)
https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/
Institute of Public Accountants Ltd (IPA)
https://www.publicaccountants.org.au/
Australian Computing Society (ACS)
Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO)
ANZSCO Minor Group 111 – Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators
ANZSCO Unit group 1111 – Chief executives and managing directors
ANZSCO Unit Group 1112 – General managers
ANZSCO Minor Group 131 – Advertising, Public Relations and Sales Managers
ANZSCO Unit Group 1311 – Advertising, public relations and sales managers
ANZSCO Minor Group 221 – Accountants, Auditors and Company Secretaries
ANZSCO Unit Group 2211 – Accountants
ANZSCO Minor Group 223 – Human Resource and Training Professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2231 – Human resource professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2232 – ICT Trainers
ANZSCO Unit Group 2233 – Training and development professionals
ANZSCO Minor Group 224 – Information and Organisation Professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2243 – Economists
ANZSCO Unit GOUP 2247 – Management and organisation analysts
ANZSCO Minor Group 225 – Sales, Marketing and Public Relations Professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2251 – Advertising and marketing professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2252 – ICT Sales professionals
ANZSCO Minor Group 232 – Architects, Designers, Planners and Surveyors
ANZSCO Unit Group 2321 – Architects and landscape architects
ANZSCO Unit Group 2324 – Graphic and web designers, and illustrators
ANZSCO Minor Group 271 – Legal professionals
ANZSCO Unit Group 2711 – Barristers
ANZSCO Unit Group 2713 – Solicitors
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration
https://www.charteredaccountantsanz.com/about-us/migration-assessment/australia-immigration
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – Qualification Assessment Criteria
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – Qualification Assessment Criteria – Competency areas
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – Qualification Assessment Criteria – English language requirement
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – Skilled employment assessment
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – How to apply
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Migration Assessment – Australian Immigration – How to apply – Supporting Documentation
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand – Global Accounting Alliance (GAA)
https://www.charteredaccountantsanz.com/about-us/global-affiliations/global-accounting-alliance
Pax Migration –Points Test Calculator